A. Introduction
Reading is universally acknowledged to be a major means of study and one of the most important skills for all the Second Language learners. However, traditional teaching attaches little importance to the cultivation of students' use of reading strategies, which leads to the poor reading efficiency. By using a questionnaire, this paper has been carrying on an empirical study on the use of five reading strategies among English majors in Hohai University, and analysis the feasible means to improve their reading skills.
B. Research Objectives & Research Means
1. Research Objectives
The research objectives are all the junior students in the Foreign Language and Cultural College of Hohai University. They are all English majors and have at least 9 years’ English study experience. Besides, they have learned extensive and intensive classes for two years in college. What’s more, they have just passed the TEM-4(2007.4) Thus, they are representative and all together there are 62 students of them.
2. Research Means
This research adopted the form of questionnaire. All together, there are 24questions which are categorized according the five reading strategies: skim, scan, conjecture, vocabulary mastery, and structure analysis. After each question, there is a bracket for them to fill the label that suits them best. Here are the meanings of the labels and the questionnaire.
Questionnaire
(This questionnaire is used for research only; everything you fill in will be kept confidential. Thanks for your cooperation!)
Part A Background information
Name _____ Sex_____
Part B Reading Strategies
Below there are some strategies that people have about reading. What are yours? Do you agree or disagree? To what extent? Please write the number which best indicates your situation in the bracket at the end of each sentence. The number stands for the following responses:
1 = this sentence doesn’t suit my situation at all
2 = this sentence doesn’t suit me generally
3 = this sentence suits my situation sometimes
4 = this sentence suits my situation generally
5 = this sentence exactly suits my situation
Chart 1
Reading Strategy Questionnaire
skim
I can always find out the subject sentence.
I ignore the difficult words.
I consider the article as a whole.
I pay attention to the beginning and the ending of the article.
I read fast.
scan
I ignore irrelevant words.
I find correlative words.
I am familiar with the context.
I presume according to the structure of the article.
presumption
I presume according to the beginning of the article.
I presume according to the title.
I presume according to the context.
I presume according to the article structure.
I presume the unexpressed opinions.
I find out the underline meaning.
I take advantage of background knowledge.
vocabulary mastery
I look up in the dictionary.
I use the knowledge of word-formation.
I ignore difficult words.
I guess the meaning of the word according to the context.
structure analysis
I pay attention to the structure of the article.
I pay attention to the relationship between sentences.
I pay attention to the conjunction words and sentences.
I pay attention to the relationship between paragraphs.
C. Research Results & Analysis
1. Research Results
In the following chart, the “F”（Frequency）is defined according to the five levels of the questionnaire.
1 = this sentence doesn’t suit my situation at all Low F
2 = this sentence doesn’t suit me generally Low F
3 = this sentence suits my situation sometimes Middle F
4 = this sentence suits my situation generally High F
5 = this sentence exactly suits my situation High F
TAS: Total Average Score
AS: average score F: frequency
Chart 2
TAS Reading Strategy Questionnaire
AS
F
Skim
(3.9)
I can always find out the subject sentence.
4.5
high
I ignore the difficult words.
3.6
high
I consider the article as a whole.
3.8
high
I pay attention to the beginning and the ending of the article.
4.3
high
I read fast.
3.5
high
Scan
(3.3)
I ignore irrelevant words.
3.1
middle
I find correlative words.
4.2
high
I am familiar with the context.
3.4
middle
I presume according to the structure of the article.
2.6
middle
Presumption
（3.6）
I presume according to the beginning of the article.
4.3
high
I presume according to the title.
3.9
high
I presume according to the context.
3.0
middle
I presume according to the article structure.
2.4
middle
I presume the unexpressed opinions.
3.7
high
I find out the underline meaning.
3.8
high
I take advantage of background knowledge.
3.4
middle
vocabulary mastery
（4.1）
I look up in the dictionary.
3.8
high
I use the knowledge of word-formation.
3.5
middle
I ignore difficult words.
4.2
high
I guess the meaning of the word according to the context.
4.8
high
structure analysis
（3.1）
I pay attention to the structure of the article.
2.6
middle
I pay attention to the relationship between sentences.
3.3
middle
I pay attention to the conjunction words and sentences.
3.2
middle
I pay attention to the relationship between paragraphs.
3.3
middle
2. Research Analysis
The Situation of English majors’ reading strategies
We can see from Chart 2 that all the items belong to middle or high level of using frequency. And half of the items belong to high level of using frequency. This shows that English majors of Chinese students do use reading strategy.
We can also find out that the five strategies in the skim item are all highly used. Thus, we can make the conclusion that the informant are anxious to know the information that conveyed by the article. They will consider the article as a whole in order to obtain the main information. Meanwhile, they often pay attention to the beginning and ending of the article. In the purpose of getting the main information of each paragraph, they will find out the subject sentence. Besides, they will read fast to save time and ignore irrelevant words to search the general ideal.
As to the scan strategy, all the others are middle frequency except find correlative words. The students not tend to care about the structure of the article because they think there is no relationship between the structures and the details. However, they are good at finding correlative details.
The total average score of Presumption is 3.6---another highly used strategy. Presuming according to the beginning of the article ranks the highest score. Beside, there are quite a number of students, who realized the importance of the title of the article. However, few of them can presume according to the article structure.
As to Vocabulary Mastery, this is the highest TAS, which shows that the students pay great importance on this. Using the knowledge of word-formation, ignoring difficult words, guessing
the meaning of the word according to the context are flexible employed by them.
And the last strategy: structure analysis. Its score is the lowest. This shows that the Chinese students are not good at using this strategy, which, however, has been proved by the authoritative as one of the most efficient strategies.
D. Conclusion
According to the analysis the situation of reading strategies’ employment by English majors in Hohai University, we can conclude that the Chinese English major students do use some reading strategies to improve reading abilities. The most obvious feather is that they pay great attention to the beginning and ending of the article. But they lack enough attention to the structure analysis.
Thus, we can do from three aspects to make up the deficiencies and improve the reading abilities of English major students.
Firstly, the students should try their efforts to improve their reading skills on the based acknowledge of their own advantages and disadvantages. They should pay more attention to the article structure when do reading comprehensives. Secondly, since the teachers have been familiar with the situation of the strategies of the students, they should guide them on their weak aspects and adjust their teaching focuses. Lastly, the form and purpose of exam should also be adjusted. Normally, the exercises of reading comprehension are focused on words, details, and center ideals, which is harmful to the improvements of reading skills. Instead, they should pay more attention to test the mastery of article structure, the presumption of contest and the ability of analysis. Only by this can the students literally improve their reading skills.
2009年2月7日星期六
preposition(英语常用介词）
1. In the summer at the seaside (季节用in, 在海边用at)
On the coast we like it fine (在海岸用on)
but in winter ,yes ,at Christmas (在圣诞用at)
By the fireside we recline (放置) (在炉边用by)
2. In July we went to Kenya (月份用in)
Stayed in Rome by the sea, (住在Rome用in)
We came back to Tanzania Then across Victoria sea
3. Did you come here in a taxi? (乘出租汽车用in)
Or by bus, or on the train? (乘公共汽车用by, 乘火车用on)
Did you come on foot this evening (步行用on)
Or perhaps by aeroplane? (乘飞机用by)
4. Will you come to tea on Monday? (在星期一用on)
I’ll be home at half past three (时间三点半用at)
Yes, I’ll stay for half an hour (长达半小时用for)
if you buy some beer for me (给我for me)
5. In the morning I drink coffee (早晨用in the morning)
In the afternoon there’s tea (下午用in the afternoon)
In the evening I have cocoa (傍晚用in the evening)
Yes, at night ,it’s good for me. (晚上用at night)
6. Where’s my pencil? In the kitchen (厨房里in the kitchen)
On the table near the chair (在桌上on the table, 在椅边near the chair)
Underneath the cup and saucer (在杯和碟的下面 underneath...)
Just behind the teapot there (在茶壶后边behind...)
7. Can you tell me how to get to Mr. Johnson’s coffee-bar?
Down the street and round the corner (down the street 沿着街道,round...绕过)
Past the church and there you are
8. Where’s the bookshop?
Over there, dear (over there 那里)
First turn left, then go straight on,Along the road, across the market (沿着路along the road, 穿过市场 across...)
It’s in front of you, dear John (在你前面 in front of you)
9. There is nothing on the radio (广播on the radio)
"Songs with orchestra" they said. (with后orchestra为有形物,无形物则用by)
I’m not interested in music (interested in 兴趣于)
so I think I’ll go to bed10. In a moment I’ll be finished (in a moment 片刻里)
With these prepositions-soI will say to you in Englishtill the next time, cheerio (加油呀) (till... 直到)
at 把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”：
The beggar is sitting at the corner.
Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. at the side at reception at class/ home/ the library/ the office/ school
in 把地方、地点、位置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间： I live in London. (大城市用in) I live in England, at London. I live in a big city, my sister lives at a small town. We have a meeting in Beijing. in a car/taxi/helicopter/ boat/ lift in the newspaper/ sky/ bed(也可用 on the bed) in the bedroom/ class/ library/ school
on 把地方、地点、位置当作一个平面：
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
1. There are no prices on this menu.
2. You are standing on my foot. 4. There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
3. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
4. On a bus ,on a train, on a plane ,on a ship, on a bicycle, on a motorbike ,on a horse, on an elephant, on the radio, on television ,on the left, on the right, on the way, on the bed, (也可用 in the bed) on the ceiling, on the floor
by 用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意)：by the fire/the seaside/ a path/ by the river/ by the nearest road
at, in, on, by 用来表示时间
at (在、于)用指明一特定的时间、节日、年龄： at dawn/ at night/ at noon/ at midnight /at daybreak
I go to school at seven in the morning. (At seven)
The train is due at 12.15 p.m. (at 12.15p.m.)at mid-autumn festival/at Christmas / at Spring Festival
in (在、在…之内、在…期间、在…后、过…后)指明：天、年、月、季节、周次：
She likes to work in the evening. (或in the night)
He went to Tokyo in June 2002.
in the second week of July
It's too cold in winter to run outside. on (在…时、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、当…时候、和…同时、刚一…)指明：日子、日期、星期加上早午晚on the first 在一号(指某月一号,如二号要说second等。其实意思是指某月的第几天) We're having a party on the fifth of June.
on Sunday morning /afternoon on Friday evening on the next morning/on the following afternoon/on the morning of 5th on the afternoon of his birthday
by (的时候、到、等到…已经) 用在天、时间： by 2 o'clock/by this time/miss by a minute
for, since 用于表示时间我们用 for 用计量时间(年、月、日、时、分、秒等)He held his breath for five minutes. She's lived there for ten years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.我们用 since 表示明确的日期或时间：He's worked here since 1980. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.表示动作的介词：to ,toward或不用介词
to 表示向某处移动： They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist’s office this morning. toward 表示移向某处：We're moving toward the light. This is a big step towards the project's completion.
不需要介词的词：Home, downtown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs...
Grandma went upstairs. Mary went home. She came inside.
On the coast we like it fine (在海岸用on)
but in winter ,yes ,at Christmas (在圣诞用at)
By the fireside we recline (放置) (在炉边用by)
2. In July we went to Kenya (月份用in)
Stayed in Rome by the sea, (住在Rome用in)
We came back to Tanzania Then across Victoria sea
3. Did you come here in a taxi? (乘出租汽车用in)
Or by bus, or on the train? (乘公共汽车用by, 乘火车用on)
Did you come on foot this evening (步行用on)
Or perhaps by aeroplane? (乘飞机用by)
4. Will you come to tea on Monday? (在星期一用on)
I’ll be home at half past three (时间三点半用at)
Yes, I’ll stay for half an hour (长达半小时用for)
if you buy some beer for me (给我for me)
5. In the morning I drink coffee (早晨用in the morning)
In the afternoon there’s tea (下午用in the afternoon)
In the evening I have cocoa (傍晚用in the evening)
Yes, at night ,it’s good for me. (晚上用at night)
6. Where’s my pencil? In the kitchen (厨房里in the kitchen)
On the table near the chair (在桌上on the table, 在椅边near the chair)
Underneath the cup and saucer (在杯和碟的下面 underneath...)
Just behind the teapot there (在茶壶后边behind...)
7. Can you tell me how to get to Mr. Johnson’s coffee-bar?
Down the street and round the corner (down the street 沿着街道,round...绕过)
Past the church and there you are
8. Where’s the bookshop?
Over there, dear (over there 那里)
First turn left, then go straight on,Along the road, across the market (沿着路along the road, 穿过市场 across...)
It’s in front of you, dear John (在你前面 in front of you)
9. There is nothing on the radio (广播on the radio)
"Songs with orchestra" they said. (with后orchestra为有形物,无形物则用by)
I’m not interested in music (interested in 兴趣于)
so I think I’ll go to bed10. In a moment I’ll be finished (in a moment 片刻里)
With these prepositions-soI will say to you in Englishtill the next time, cheerio (加油呀) (till... 直到)
at 把地方、地点、位置当作一个“点”：
The beggar is sitting at the corner.
Jane is waiting for you at the bus stop. at the side at reception at class/ home/ the library/ the office/ school
in 把地方、地点、位置当作一个范围或一个封闭的空间： I live in London. (大城市用in) I live in England, at London. I live in a big city, my sister lives at a small town. We have a meeting in Beijing. in a car/taxi/helicopter/ boat/ lift in the newspaper/ sky/ bed(也可用 on the bed) in the bedroom/ class/ library/ school
on 把地方、地点、位置当作一个平面：
The author's name is on the cover of the book.
1. There are no prices on this menu.
2. You are standing on my foot. 4. There was a "no smoking" sign on the wall.
3. I live on the 7th floor at 21 Oxford Street in London.
4. On a bus ,on a train, on a plane ,on a ship, on a bicycle, on a motorbike ,on a horse, on an elephant, on the radio, on television ,on the left, on the right, on the way, on the bed, (也可用 in the bed) on the ceiling, on the floor
by 用在表示位置(有在旁、贴近、靠近之意)：by the fire/the seaside/ a path/ by the river/ by the nearest road
at, in, on, by 用来表示时间
at (在、于)用指明一特定的时间、节日、年龄： at dawn/ at night/ at noon/ at midnight /at daybreak
I go to school at seven in the morning. (At seven)
The train is due at 12.15 p.m. (at 12.15p.m.)at mid-autumn festival/at Christmas / at Spring Festival
in (在、在…之内、在…期间、在…后、过…后)指明：天、年、月、季节、周次：
She likes to work in the evening. (或in the night)
He went to Tokyo in June 2002.
in the second week of July
It's too cold in winter to run outside. on (在…时、在(某日)、在某日早/午/晚、当…时候、和…同时、刚一…)指明：日子、日期、星期加上早午晚on the first 在一号(指某月一号,如二号要说second等。其实意思是指某月的第几天) We're having a party on the fifth of June.
on Sunday morning /afternoon on Friday evening on the next morning/on the following afternoon/on the morning of 5th on the afternoon of his birthday
by (的时候、到、等到…已经) 用在天、时间： by 2 o'clock/by this time/miss by a minute
for, since 用于表示时间我们用 for 用计量时间(年、月、日、时、分、秒等)He held his breath for five minutes. She's lived there for ten years.
The British and Irish have been quarreling for seven centuries.我们用 since 表示明确的日期或时间：He's worked here since 1980. She's been sitting in the waiting room since two-thirty.表示动作的介词：to ,toward或不用介词
to 表示向某处移动： They were driving to work together.
She's going to the dentist’s office this morning. toward 表示移向某处：We're moving toward the light. This is a big step towards the project's completion.
不需要介词的词：Home, downtown, inside, outside, downstairs, upstairs...
Grandma went upstairs. Mary went home. She came inside.
Information about Expository Writing
What is Expository Writing?
Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform. The creator of an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discussed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather then blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Since clarity requires strong organization, one of the most important mechanisms that can be used to improve our skills in exposition is to provide directions to improve the organization of the text. Expository writing is the process of writing to communicate information to an audience. It is often an explanation or a process, and tends to emphasize well-organized and concise information. Expository writing is very different from either fictional stories, emphasizing the use of imagination and creative powers, or persuasive writing, which depends upon a well-formed argument to convince a reader of an argument.
What are some Expository Organizational Patterns?
In order to give you more information about oral and written exposition we have provided you with eight different examples of expository organizational patterns. You will find that most of these organizational patterns are very familiar to you. You may have never really considered them to be "kind" of organizational patterns. As you read through the different types of organizational patterns that are presented below, try to figure out how many of these organizational patterns do you already find yourself writing or speaking on a daily basis?
Pattern
Description
Circumlocution
Depicts a pattern in which the speaker discusses a topic, then diverts to discuss a related but different topic.
Narrative Interspersion
A pattern or a sub-pattern imbedded in other patterns in which the speaker or writer intersperses a narrative within the expository text for specific purposes, including to clarify, or elaborate on a point or to link the subject matter to a personal experience.
Recursion
When the speaker discusses a topic, then restates it using different words or symbolism. It is used to drive home a point and to give special emphasis to the text.
(Ball, 1991, "Organizational Patterns in the Oral and Written Language of African American Adolescents", adapted from dissertation submitted to Stanford University.)
Pattern
Description
Cue Words
Description
The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples
for example, char- acteristics are
Sequence
The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order.
first, second, third; next; then; finally
Comparison
The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different.
different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand
Cause and Effect
The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects.
reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because
Problem and Solution
The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it.
problem is; dilemma is; puzzle is solved; question... answer
Why teach exposition?
Let's think about the type of writing that most of us encounter in our daily lives. When you pick up and read a non-fiction book, magazines, or newspaper article the author uses expository writing to inform you, the reader, about the topic. At school, students are required to submit school exams and research papers as a means for their teachers to grade their progress. Finally, at work, people are required to produce business reports and memorandums to inform their superiors and co-workers about the occurrences that take place at other levels of the company. In addition, oral exposition is primarily observed in oral academic presentations, business talks, and speeches that are delivered to a group of people. As each of these different cases illustrate, expository writing and speech surround us in our everyday lives. The primary intent of the Expository Writing Program contained at this web site will be to help move students closer to mastering the hows, whens, and wheres to select different oral and written expository styles for a variety of real world contexts.
Students will greatly benefit from understanding the varying types of oral and writing styles they can use for academic and workplace activities. The following information discusses the different types of writing that can be used and provides you with examples of some expository writing prompts that you may expect to encounter.
Paragraph #1
This is your introduction. Begin with a good "grabber."
Restate the topic and define it.
State three explanations or examples.
Conclude with a transition sentence that leads into the next paragraph.
Paragraph #2, Paragraph #3, and Paragraph #4
These paragraphs are the body of your essay.
Use a transition at the beginning of each paragraph. Try to be different.
In each paragraph you develop one of your arguments, points, or explanations as fully as you can, restating the explanation and then expanding on it with examples or evidence that supports it.
These are the most important paragraphs in the grading of the State Assessment Test. The judges are looking at how you support the broad statements you make.
Each of these paragraphs (as well as the body of the essay) needs an introductory sentence and a concluding sentence.
These are the paragraphs where it is important to use spectacular vocabulary to show a good knowledge of words.
A little well placed humor and creativity definitely add to the quality of the paper.
Paragraph #5
This is your conclusion.
Restate your topic in words that are different from those in paragraph 1.
Summarize paragraphs 2, 3 and 4.
Draw a one sentence conclusion.
End with a "zinger" that makes the reader think or smile.
Expository Tips!
Keep to the topic. Do not stray or go off on a tangent.
Use great vocabulary. You want to show that you have a good command of words that is above and beyond what the average student your age knows.
Organize yourself well. Never make a statement that you do not back up or support. Develop that support well.
Use transitions such as first, second, third, next, before or after, and finally.
Goal:
The goal for expository writing is to give information such as an explanation or directions. It seeks to inform, explain, clarify, define or instruct.
Examples:
Expository writing appears in and is not limited to letters, newsletters, definitions, instructions, guidebooks, catalogues, newspaper articles, magazine articles, how-to writing, pamphlets, reports and research papers.
Characteristics:
The general characteristics of an expository writing include:
1. state the main idea
this must be narrow enough to be supported in the writing
2. supporting ideas using quotes, statistics, examples, and/or facts
use any available resource to instruct the reader including published books, television, Internet, etc.
3. information is logically organized
depending on the type of expository that is being written, the information could be organized chronologically, from least important to most important or from most important to least
4. show commitment to the topic
supporting details do not deviate from the topic
5. conclusion
restate the topic and main supporting ideas
STEP ONE: SELECTING A TOPIC
If your professor assigns you a specific topic to write about, then this step is completed before you even begin. However, often the teacher will allow students to choose their own essay topic, so it is important to be able to choose effectively. This is also true is the professor proposed a broad topic, but demands that you write about a particular facet of that larger subject.
Whenever choosing an expository essay topic, it is important to narrow down your choice so that it is appropriate to the essay length requirements. For example, if the professor has assigned a two-page essay, it is not a good idea to choose an expansive topic such as "The History of the Civil War." There would simply not be enough room within two pages to adequately cover the topic. Conversely, if the professor wants an especially lengthy essay, do not choose too narrow of a topic so that it becomes difficult to fill up the pages with information.
STEP TWO: CHOOSE A DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN
There are a variety of ways to develop a custom expository essay, just as there is a variety of ways to convey information. The following are just a few examples of the developmental patterns you can adopt for your own essay:
Definition - This may be the most straightforward of the developmental patterns. As its name suggests, you will simply use the expository essay to thoroughly define a topic.
Example - In this developmental pattern, you will provide and describe an example of a particular subject or group.
Cause and Effect - With this developmental pattern, you will illustrate the relationship between to variables, one dependent on the other. Describe the many ways in which this particular variable affects the other, and explain why it does so.
Classification - This developmental pattern is used to categorize multiple subjects into separate or distinct groups by certain criteria.
Compare and Contrast - With this developmental pattern, the writer will examine both the similarities and the differences between two or more distinct subjects.
STEP THREE: CHOOSE AN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN
The choice of organizational pattern really depends upon the length of the essay. For shorter essays, teachers often espouse the "five paragraph" organizational pattern, in which there is one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. Of course, this is not feasible if the essay is of longer length, but it is important to provide both an introduction and a conclusion, regardless of length.
STEP FOUR: PERFORM ADEQUATE RESEARCH ON YOUR TOPIC
Too often students begin writing expository essays without first having learned about their subject. If the teacher requires you to write the essay with knowledge from the top of your head, then obviously you will not have to perform research. However, if this is not the case then it is vital that you take some time to learn about your topic before beginning to write. Doing so will only lead to a much stronger essay.
Exposition is a type of oral or written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform. The creator of an expository text can not assume that the reader or listener has prior knowledge or prior understanding of the topic that is being discussed. One important point to keep in mind for the author is to try to use words that clearly show what they are talking about rather then blatantly telling the reader what is being discussed. Since clarity requires strong organization, one of the most important mechanisms that can be used to improve our skills in exposition is to provide directions to improve the organization of the text. Expository writing is the process of writing to communicate information to an audience. It is often an explanation or a process, and tends to emphasize well-organized and concise information. Expository writing is very different from either fictional stories, emphasizing the use of imagination and creative powers, or persuasive writing, which depends upon a well-formed argument to convince a reader of an argument.
What are some Expository Organizational Patterns?
In order to give you more information about oral and written exposition we have provided you with eight different examples of expository organizational patterns. You will find that most of these organizational patterns are very familiar to you. You may have never really considered them to be "kind" of organizational patterns. As you read through the different types of organizational patterns that are presented below, try to figure out how many of these organizational patterns do you already find yourself writing or speaking on a daily basis?
Pattern
Description
Circumlocution
Depicts a pattern in which the speaker discusses a topic, then diverts to discuss a related but different topic.
Narrative Interspersion
A pattern or a sub-pattern imbedded in other patterns in which the speaker or writer intersperses a narrative within the expository text for specific purposes, including to clarify, or elaborate on a point or to link the subject matter to a personal experience.
Recursion
When the speaker discusses a topic, then restates it using different words or symbolism. It is used to drive home a point and to give special emphasis to the text.
(Ball, 1991, "Organizational Patterns in the Oral and Written Language of African American Adolescents", adapted from dissertation submitted to Stanford University.)
Pattern
Description
Cue Words
Description
The author describes a topic by listing characteristics, features, and examples
for example, char- acteristics are
Sequence
The author lists items or events in numerical or chronological order.
first, second, third; next; then; finally
Comparison
The author explains how two or more things are alike and/or how they are different.
different; in contrast; alike; same as; on the other hand
Cause and Effect
The author lists one or more causes and the resulting effect or effects.
reasons why; if...then; as a result; therefore; because
Problem and Solution
The author states a problem and lists one or more solutions for the problem. A variation of this pattern is the question- and-answer format in which the author poses a question and then answers it.
problem is; dilemma is; puzzle is solved; question... answer
Why teach exposition?
Let's think about the type of writing that most of us encounter in our daily lives. When you pick up and read a non-fiction book, magazines, or newspaper article the author uses expository writing to inform you, the reader, about the topic. At school, students are required to submit school exams and research papers as a means for their teachers to grade their progress. Finally, at work, people are required to produce business reports and memorandums to inform their superiors and co-workers about the occurrences that take place at other levels of the company. In addition, oral exposition is primarily observed in oral academic presentations, business talks, and speeches that are delivered to a group of people. As each of these different cases illustrate, expository writing and speech surround us in our everyday lives. The primary intent of the Expository Writing Program contained at this web site will be to help move students closer to mastering the hows, whens, and wheres to select different oral and written expository styles for a variety of real world contexts.
Students will greatly benefit from understanding the varying types of oral and writing styles they can use for academic and workplace activities. The following information discusses the different types of writing that can be used and provides you with examples of some expository writing prompts that you may expect to encounter.
Paragraph #1
This is your introduction. Begin with a good "grabber."
Restate the topic and define it.
State three explanations or examples.
Conclude with a transition sentence that leads into the next paragraph.
Paragraph #2, Paragraph #3, and Paragraph #4
These paragraphs are the body of your essay.
Use a transition at the beginning of each paragraph. Try to be different.
In each paragraph you develop one of your arguments, points, or explanations as fully as you can, restating the explanation and then expanding on it with examples or evidence that supports it.
These are the most important paragraphs in the grading of the State Assessment Test. The judges are looking at how you support the broad statements you make.
Each of these paragraphs (as well as the body of the essay) needs an introductory sentence and a concluding sentence.
These are the paragraphs where it is important to use spectacular vocabulary to show a good knowledge of words.
A little well placed humor and creativity definitely add to the quality of the paper.
Paragraph #5
This is your conclusion.
Restate your topic in words that are different from those in paragraph 1.
Summarize paragraphs 2, 3 and 4.
Draw a one sentence conclusion.
End with a "zinger" that makes the reader think or smile.
Expository Tips!
Keep to the topic. Do not stray or go off on a tangent.
Use great vocabulary. You want to show that you have a good command of words that is above and beyond what the average student your age knows.
Organize yourself well. Never make a statement that you do not back up or support. Develop that support well.
Use transitions such as first, second, third, next, before or after, and finally.
Goal:
The goal for expository writing is to give information such as an explanation or directions. It seeks to inform, explain, clarify, define or instruct.
Examples:
Expository writing appears in and is not limited to letters, newsletters, definitions, instructions, guidebooks, catalogues, newspaper articles, magazine articles, how-to writing, pamphlets, reports and research papers.
Characteristics:
The general characteristics of an expository writing include:
1. state the main idea
this must be narrow enough to be supported in the writing
2. supporting ideas using quotes, statistics, examples, and/or facts
use any available resource to instruct the reader including published books, television, Internet, etc.
3. information is logically organized
depending on the type of expository that is being written, the information could be organized chronologically, from least important to most important or from most important to least
4. show commitment to the topic
supporting details do not deviate from the topic
5. conclusion
restate the topic and main supporting ideas
STEP ONE: SELECTING A TOPIC
If your professor assigns you a specific topic to write about, then this step is completed before you even begin. However, often the teacher will allow students to choose their own essay topic, so it is important to be able to choose effectively. This is also true is the professor proposed a broad topic, but demands that you write about a particular facet of that larger subject.
Whenever choosing an expository essay topic, it is important to narrow down your choice so that it is appropriate to the essay length requirements. For example, if the professor has assigned a two-page essay, it is not a good idea to choose an expansive topic such as "The History of the Civil War." There would simply not be enough room within two pages to adequately cover the topic. Conversely, if the professor wants an especially lengthy essay, do not choose too narrow of a topic so that it becomes difficult to fill up the pages with information.
STEP TWO: CHOOSE A DEVELOPMENTAL PATTERN
There are a variety of ways to develop a custom expository essay, just as there is a variety of ways to convey information. The following are just a few examples of the developmental patterns you can adopt for your own essay:
Definition - This may be the most straightforward of the developmental patterns. As its name suggests, you will simply use the expository essay to thoroughly define a topic.
Example - In this developmental pattern, you will provide and describe an example of a particular subject or group.
Cause and Effect - With this developmental pattern, you will illustrate the relationship between to variables, one dependent on the other. Describe the many ways in which this particular variable affects the other, and explain why it does so.
Classification - This developmental pattern is used to categorize multiple subjects into separate or distinct groups by certain criteria.
Compare and Contrast - With this developmental pattern, the writer will examine both the similarities and the differences between two or more distinct subjects.
STEP THREE: CHOOSE AN ORGANIZATIONAL PATTERN
The choice of organizational pattern really depends upon the length of the essay. For shorter essays, teachers often espouse the "five paragraph" organizational pattern, in which there is one introductory paragraph, three body paragraphs, and a concluding paragraph. Of course, this is not feasible if the essay is of longer length, but it is important to provide both an introduction and a conclusion, regardless of length.
STEP FOUR: PERFORM ADEQUATE RESEARCH ON YOUR TOPIC
Too often students begin writing expository essays without first having learned about their subject. If the teacher requires you to write the essay with knowledge from the top of your head, then obviously you will not have to perform research. However, if this is not the case then it is vital that you take some time to learn about your topic before beginning to write. Doing so will only lead to a much stronger essay.
2009年2月6日星期五
In China Women Are Not on an Equal Footing with Men
Recently, a report named “the Situation of the Global Equality Gap between Men and Women in 2008” presented in the World Economic Forum aroused the public’s great interest and extensive discussion. According to the ranks listed by the report, Norway, Finland, Sweden, and Iceland have the first four smallest equality gap between men and women. While China, falls to number 57. Obviously, for a country with the largest population, 57 is far from satisfactory. Actually, the situation of inequality between men and women in China, though changed, was not really improved.
First of all, in areas of politics, women have not really been treated equally. Women in China are universally acknowledged as incompetent of being a leader or officer. The number of women being top leaders in China can be counted on the fingers of one’s hand. It’s far more difficult for a woman to climb up in politic area. Not only does she have to overcome the prejudice people have on her, but also have to be extremely outstanding to be authoritative. Even so, the public in China would not likely to accept women being dominant in politic area or acknowledged to the rule of women. The traditional conception still takes deep roots in the hearts of Chinese men. That’s also the reason why women have no saying in political circles.
Second, in areas of society, Chinese women received more discrimination than equality. There are many professions that dislike women, say, computer, military, electronics, etc. There also many professions that prefers women, say, teacher, nurse, secretary, etc. Such a division has long been existed and no one has ever has any question about it until in recent years when people began to talk about equality and liberation of women. Then, those two groups began to integrate with each other, however, the result is that we only see male nurses and male teachers are getting more and more popular and tend to take the bread out of the females in such areas. But, we can’t see that females win a place in the exclusive areas of males. Is it that women are not excellent enough to be competent for such jobs? No, actually women are equally outstanding as men. The fact is that those outstanding females, though being excellent, are normally left in colleges to be teachers. So, after taking a big circle, women are backing to the original place with the society’s proclamation that women are as equal as men. What a tragedy! The very truth lies in the discrimination the whole society has on women. The males would never have females to occupy their exclusive areas. Thus, women, suffering the oppression from males and society, at the same time, have to struggle to live under sexual harassments in the office.
Thus comes to the third point: family shackles and oppressions. In China, the traditional values of “Three Obedience and Four Mores” for women greatly influenced the whole nation for thousands of years. Thus, can it be easy to eliminate such a kind of opinion in several hundred years? Definitely can’t! Thus, when a woman in a new area tries to get rid of such shackles, she would suffer great oppressions. Women are considered to be stay at home to take good care of the kids and husband, and give support to husband if necessary. Such was and is the situation of Chinese women. A woman who has a successful career can hardly have a successful family because men would never ever yield to househusbands.
Besides, a man can hardly accept that his wife has higher salary or is more talented than him, which could be a humiliating thing for him. As a result, we can say that the shackles of family on women have never been released.
To conclude, women in China are far from having an equal footing with men, be it political areas, social areas, or family areas. The feudal ideology which existed for thousands of years is not so easy to eliminate. The fundamental improvements of women’s footing need not only the work of women themselves but also the attention and efforts of the males, the society and the nation.
First of all, in areas of politics, women have not really been treated equally. Women in China are universally acknowledged as incompetent of being a leader or officer. The number of women being top leaders in China can be counted on the fingers of one’s hand. It’s far more difficult for a woman to climb up in politic area. Not only does she have to overcome the prejudice people have on her, but also have to be extremely outstanding to be authoritative. Even so, the public in China would not likely to accept women being dominant in politic area or acknowledged to the rule of women. The traditional conception still takes deep roots in the hearts of Chinese men. That’s also the reason why women have no saying in political circles.
Second, in areas of society, Chinese women received more discrimination than equality. There are many professions that dislike women, say, computer, military, electronics, etc. There also many professions that prefers women, say, teacher, nurse, secretary, etc. Such a division has long been existed and no one has ever has any question about it until in recent years when people began to talk about equality and liberation of women. Then, those two groups began to integrate with each other, however, the result is that we only see male nurses and male teachers are getting more and more popular and tend to take the bread out of the females in such areas. But, we can’t see that females win a place in the exclusive areas of males. Is it that women are not excellent enough to be competent for such jobs? No, actually women are equally outstanding as men. The fact is that those outstanding females, though being excellent, are normally left in colleges to be teachers. So, after taking a big circle, women are backing to the original place with the society’s proclamation that women are as equal as men. What a tragedy! The very truth lies in the discrimination the whole society has on women. The males would never have females to occupy their exclusive areas. Thus, women, suffering the oppression from males and society, at the same time, have to struggle to live under sexual harassments in the office.
Thus comes to the third point: family shackles and oppressions. In China, the traditional values of “Three Obedience and Four Mores” for women greatly influenced the whole nation for thousands of years. Thus, can it be easy to eliminate such a kind of opinion in several hundred years? Definitely can’t! Thus, when a woman in a new area tries to get rid of such shackles, she would suffer great oppressions. Women are considered to be stay at home to take good care of the kids and husband, and give support to husband if necessary. Such was and is the situation of Chinese women. A woman who has a successful career can hardly have a successful family because men would never ever yield to househusbands.
Besides, a man can hardly accept that his wife has higher salary or is more talented than him, which could be a humiliating thing for him. As a result, we can say that the shackles of family on women have never been released.
To conclude, women in China are far from having an equal footing with men, be it political areas, social areas, or family areas. The feudal ideology which existed for thousands of years is not so easy to eliminate. The fundamental improvements of women’s footing need not only the work of women themselves but also the attention and efforts of the males, the society and the nation.
My Unique Hometown
According to philosophers, there are no two leaves alike. Similarly, there are no two towns alike. For almost twenty years, I’ve been trying to figure out the differences between my hometown and other cities in the world. And now I still remember the day before I went to Nanjing for my college, I took a day’s time to stroll around the small town in the purpose of finding some unique features of it, be it good or bad, so that I could bring those memories along to a strange city, using them to smooth the nostalgia and fill the emptiness in my heart when I was alone in the night. And I really did find something unique of my hometown that day. What’s more, I found that those unique aspects had developed into to some underlying habits or rules, even those who inhabited in it for more than half a century could hardly be aware of it.
The transportation of my hometown was really a strange one. First, I’d like to tell you that my hometown is a really small-sized town with only 100, 000 people. I hadn’t realized that the only main street of the town should stretch continuously for more than 3000kms. That means a more than 30 minutes’ bus ride and more than 25 stops for the whole journey for such a small town. It’s just like a small, thin and long noodle. Besides, there are neither railway station nor superhighway across or near by, but these facilities are all equipped in a subordinate town which is far smaller than the town. For those who want to take the train would have to take a one hour’s bus to the subordinate town or 1.5 hours’ bus to the municipal, and for those who want to enter the superhighway, it is the same. What’s more, the people in the town have not a single complaint about it.
For recreation of the town, it’s really monotonous and unique. And I believe that it has remained unchanged for at least 100 years. The inhabitants of my hometown, from 5 years old kids to 90 years old folks, are in a crazy love for a kind of local cards, which is said to be invented by our ancestors in the Chu Dynasty. And it’s also said that Mahjong was originated from such kind of cards. Those who don’t know how to play will definitely be disdained by others. And every household holds at least tow sets of that kind of cards. This kind of local cards is not difficult to play, but you have to be able to recognize the different ways of writing Chinese characters “one” to “ten”, including the abandoned traditional form. The funny thing is that in a year’s College Entrance Examination, the students were asked to write out the ten abandoned traditional forms of Chinese characters one to ten. Naturally, 99% of the students in our town got all the points, which was said to raise one point of the average score of the students in our town’s schools. Thus, the inhabitants of my hometown were very proud of it, and the atmosphere of playing the cards grew stronger and thicker.
There is another unique feature of our hometown ---- the dialects. If I tell you that there are at least 15 kinds of local dialects in our hometown, you may not be that surprised. But if I tell you that those 15 kinds of dialects are pronounced completely differently, you would be greatly surprised. For example, there are 15 kinds of pronunciation of “ I ”, which sounds totally different in other people ears and can only be understood by the inhabitants of my hometown. And I believe you will be more surprised to learn that our dialects are one of the best preserved Chu dialects in ancient times. Many Chinese linguistics have been visited my hometown to do research. Among all the dialects in Hunan province, our dialects are also considered as the most difficult dialects to understand, leave alone to learn it. But we can understand all the dialects of the whole province. And there is even a publication about how to learn our dialects. There is also an anecdote handled down to this very age. Zeng Guofan, one of the ministers of Qing Dynasty, was my countryman. It was said that when his Xiang army was confronting with the TaiPing rebellious army, the TaiPing army sent a spy to my hometown to ask about the information about Xiang Army. The moment he spoke, the inhabitants recognized him out and sent him to Zeng’s army. Not only did he get no information for the TAiPing rebellious army but also he himself got killed.
Actually, there are many other unique aspects of my hometown. The three I mentioned above, though some are not so pleasing or satisfactory, I, like many of my folks, am quite comfortable with them. We may not so upward, but we are the most unsophisticated group, we love our hometown, no matter how ugly it is, or will be.
The transportation of my hometown was really a strange one. First, I’d like to tell you that my hometown is a really small-sized town with only 100, 000 people. I hadn’t realized that the only main street of the town should stretch continuously for more than 3000kms. That means a more than 30 minutes’ bus ride and more than 25 stops for the whole journey for such a small town. It’s just like a small, thin and long noodle. Besides, there are neither railway station nor superhighway across or near by, but these facilities are all equipped in a subordinate town which is far smaller than the town. For those who want to take the train would have to take a one hour’s bus to the subordinate town or 1.5 hours’ bus to the municipal, and for those who want to enter the superhighway, it is the same. What’s more, the people in the town have not a single complaint about it.
For recreation of the town, it’s really monotonous and unique. And I believe that it has remained unchanged for at least 100 years. The inhabitants of my hometown, from 5 years old kids to 90 years old folks, are in a crazy love for a kind of local cards, which is said to be invented by our ancestors in the Chu Dynasty. And it’s also said that Mahjong was originated from such kind of cards. Those who don’t know how to play will definitely be disdained by others. And every household holds at least tow sets of that kind of cards. This kind of local cards is not difficult to play, but you have to be able to recognize the different ways of writing Chinese characters “one” to “ten”, including the abandoned traditional form. The funny thing is that in a year’s College Entrance Examination, the students were asked to write out the ten abandoned traditional forms of Chinese characters one to ten. Naturally, 99% of the students in our town got all the points, which was said to raise one point of the average score of the students in our town’s schools. Thus, the inhabitants of my hometown were very proud of it, and the atmosphere of playing the cards grew stronger and thicker.
There is another unique feature of our hometown ---- the dialects. If I tell you that there are at least 15 kinds of local dialects in our hometown, you may not be that surprised. But if I tell you that those 15 kinds of dialects are pronounced completely differently, you would be greatly surprised. For example, there are 15 kinds of pronunciation of “ I ”, which sounds totally different in other people ears and can only be understood by the inhabitants of my hometown. And I believe you will be more surprised to learn that our dialects are one of the best preserved Chu dialects in ancient times. Many Chinese linguistics have been visited my hometown to do research. Among all the dialects in Hunan province, our dialects are also considered as the most difficult dialects to understand, leave alone to learn it. But we can understand all the dialects of the whole province. And there is even a publication about how to learn our dialects. There is also an anecdote handled down to this very age. Zeng Guofan, one of the ministers of Qing Dynasty, was my countryman. It was said that when his Xiang army was confronting with the TaiPing rebellious army, the TaiPing army sent a spy to my hometown to ask about the information about Xiang Army. The moment he spoke, the inhabitants recognized him out and sent him to Zeng’s army. Not only did he get no information for the TAiPing rebellious army but also he himself got killed.
Actually, there are many other unique aspects of my hometown. The three I mentioned above, though some are not so pleasing or satisfactory, I, like many of my folks, am quite comfortable with them. We may not so upward, but we are the most unsophisticated group, we love our hometown, no matter how ugly it is, or will be.
最新google adsense账户申请方法（绝对对你有帮助）
由于GG不断针对中国国情特别是针对中国站长不断调整政策，现在GG帐户越来越难申请了，基本上是十申九拒，本人经过一番测试，终于申请成功，现在把心得总结一下，与大家分享先说本人测试过的几种失败的方法
1，最常见的说法是用一个gg自己的博客(也就是blogger.com)去申请,据说申请后发一篇文章，然后去申请就能通过，这个以前应该是 可以的，现在不行了，我4月15号注册了BLOGGER，第一次申请被拒，然后每天坚持更新，坚持了10多天，仍然是每次申请被拒，另外通过 BLOGGER申请，还了解了一些其他有用的东西，首先就是，GG和合作伙伴(也有说是GG api集成)是有分成比例的，所以大家不要盲目通过第三方申请GG,因为即使申请成功，钱也不全是你的，不过BLOGGER一旦申请成功，分成比例为零，也就是钱全是你的，不知道现在常见的GG帐户代申请是不是通过这种方法，其次是通过BLOGGER申请GG会审批的比较快，估计是因为是GG自己的站吧，不过拒绝还是通过一般都不超过一天。
2，选择技术类博客申请，因为本人曾经通过博客大巴blogbus 和讯，新浪成功申请过GG，所以，这次又尝试这种方法，毕竟搞技术的人少，技术类博客不太好找，方法是，打开博客服务商的站内搜索引擎，搜索ASP， PHP，JAVA，.neT等常见技术关键词，会找到很多，另外最好找文章多一点的，这个不用说了吧。BLOGGER的可以通过GG搜索，SITE: blogspot.com 关键词，可以肯定的是，现在ADSENSE的审核已经不像一年前一样是老外来干了，现在有了本土团队，所以都是能看懂中文的，大家要注意：这里最好还是耍一些小聪明，比如查看一下博主的资料，然后注册信箱前缀尽量写的跟博主的域名或昵称相似一点，填写地址也要留意一下，比如博主本人是海南岛的，你资料填写 的是黑龙江，傻子也知道是冒人家的名字申请。
3，6个月以上域名，本人使用了一个自己的垃圾站申请，模板很简单，域名是COM的，已经使用了1年半了，申请失败，总结原因应该就是页面太难看，垃圾站这个词网上这么泛滥，GG团队不会不知道的，他们关注的就是站长，所以看到这种站，他们一般不会通过。
4，独立域名博客，文章700多篇，健康类的，域名申请时间不到6个月，申请失败，文章全是手动更新，且有一部分是原创，失败原因未知，但觉得 不是因为域名时间未达标，我觉得健康类的关键词单价很高，作弊的人一定很多，可能GG对这种类型的网站审核要严格一些，毕竟也要为客户着想。以上方法虽然我没有申请成功，但是经反应，还是有很多人通过以上方法申请成功的，希望能給大家一些启示。
5，最后，这里是关键，大家注意看啊。因为本人经常帮朋友注册域名，一般都是一些企业类用户，所以开了一个域名代理帐户，下面注册了几十上百个域名，CNcom的都有，这些域名的注 册信息都是本人自己的，最后我就挑选了一个商业味道不太弄的朋友的站，申请了GGADSENSE,这个站是销售产品电话购物的，但页面做的比较像公益网 站，域名申请不到6个月，但是也快了。
最后总结一下，最好的办法是找申请成功过的网站，页面要美观，内容最好是公益类的。把域名注册信息改成你的，然后去注册，另外平时多存储一些域名，现在CN这么便宜，每个月都申请几个，备用，总比需要的时候没有好吧。
去年底以来,google adsense的申请就比较严格了.
去年底以来,google adsense的申请就比较严格了.
原因是什么呢?
我想大概跟众多草根想通过网络赚钱[而这种现象也跟近年来火爆起来的seo赚钱培训有关,哪些所谓的专家都是作弊的老手.]有关吧.因为他们基本上都有作弊的行为.所以,google不得不克帐号来维护秩序,并且提高了google adsense申请的门槛.
网络草根们的通常做法是:
1.利用新网站申请.也难怪,他们原来没站,或者站的ip被处罚过;
2.结成联盟互点;
3.有时也恶意去点别人的广告;
4帐号被克后,利用别人的网站来申请;于是造成一批被克的帐号.google 针对这些情况,提出了应对措施;
1.网站域名必须在六个月以上,堵住了新的草根进入;
2.网站域名必须与你的姓名,住所地址一样,堵住了利用别人网站来申请;
3.对网站内容加以要求,堵住了大部分明显的垃圾站;
4.对作弊现象坚决克掉.
如此看来,站长们想通过网站来做google adsense,只好老老实实地做站了.这也导致了做垃圾站的大军浩浩荡荡向英文站进发了.也许一年半载后,英文垃圾站也会多如牛毛了. 讲了这么多,申请google adsense的秘笈是什么呢?
一句话:诚实做站.
2009年2月3日星期二
我就这样与德勤擦肩而过
知道德勤纯属偶然，当时正准备考研，通常很少上网看bbs或者投简历，但是也会不时地看看，抽空去个招聘会，面试一两个公司，当时看到蓝导发的招聘信息，也没仔细看，只是感觉是个外企，应该还是不错的，于是便交了份简历给辅导员（不记得什么时候了），就不管事了，大概到了12月初，接到了德勤的电话，问我有没有看邮件，要我去查收并去网上在线申请，于是花了将近一个小时的时间去他那个网站上填表格，头疼死了，全是英文，看起来很费劲，不过还是填完了，当时还蛮后悔的，因为南京德勤也有职位申请，可是当时已经过了网申时间，唉，只恨自己消息不够灵通啊，后来大概到了12月底，又接到德勤的电话，又问我有没有收到邮件，( 每次都要他电话提醒，真是很不好意思），于是又去查邮件，这次是到网上去做一个类似于性格职业倾向的测试，大概不到40分钟就做完了，感觉题目还好，不是那种会计专业的题，更多的是给你一个实际的案例让你去选择你会怎么做，比较强调团体协作能力，组织能力，和配合能力，到这里就是他们面试的前两步，我后来有上网查德勤上海，深圳和北京的面试题，发现那些真是变态，还好苏州德勤比较有人性，不然遇到那些题我估计就挂了。
弄完这一步，我就全心全意准备考研的最后一段时间了，完全把找工作的事抛到了脑后，大概到了1月初，具体哪天现在已经不记得了，5号？6号？7号？总之又收接了他3面的电话，时间是8号下午三点，可是上午要考西方文化，接到电话比较犹豫，本来就有考试，再加上考研就在眼前，心里有点担心自己会应付不过来，但心里又有那么一点想去的冲动，毕竟这样的机会不多，而且很想试试看自己的能力到底如何，自己的承受极限又怎样，于是咬咬牙决定去了，赶1点的动车，6点的回程动车。 那天真的是很赶，中西文化考试时拼命地写，终于在12点之前写完，然后交卷，然后公交，然后地铁，没有迟到，准时上了车，在车上吃的泡面，还把英国文学带过去了，在车上还背了下那什么苔丝的那个问答题，下车后直接打的过去，2点55的时候接到了德勤的电话说他们还有5分钟就要开始了，问我确定来不来？我说我正在的士上，马上就到了，他说那好吧，我们等你，于是我们几乎是三点准时进了他们的office，感觉地方还蛮大的，整个一层都是他们的，进去后马上就填他们的简历，填好后一起装到一个信封里，写上自己的名字，然后就进了一个小房间，这次面试叫小组面试，大家围坐在一个椭圆形桌子边上，8个面试对象对坐着，桌子上摆着八个人的名字好互相认识，桌子两边，分别坐着主持面试的人和面试官（一男一女，都很和蔼），然后面试就开始了，先让大家做自我介绍，说只要名字，来自哪个大学，专业是什么就可以了，于是从那个唯一的男生开始，那那男生来自湖南大学，结果他口语很不好，开口就来一句，hello, everyone,一顿乱扯，结果主持回忆的Lisa 不得不打断他说只要名字专业学校就行了，其他人都还好，介绍都是按要求来的，我感觉像这样的情况，最好还是不要自由发挥，他们要你说什么就说什么，不要多说，对了，忘了说了，他们在邮件里要求要formal dress,结果我顶个羽绒服就去了，还背了个双肩包，边上还插个水壶，而其他6个人全是西装套裙，高跟鞋，化妆，结果搞得我很郁闷，不过还好，Lisa 说没关系的，不会影响你们的面试结果的，不过看他们穿得那么成熟，感觉自己幼稚得很，像个小孩子。面试的内容是给你一个案例分析，先看10分钟，然后你们集体讨论出一个解决方案，然后做一个presentation，然后面试官提问，具体内容就不说了，我对面那个上海大学的表现得比较强势，一开始就一个leader的样子，我左边那个也比较不错，自告奋勇去小黑板上写，不过写得实在不咋地，最后presentation 也是大家一人负责一部分，上海大学那个负责start，我感觉她做的很糟糕，没有把问题交代清楚，却把后面人要说的全说了，我是负责conclusion，我感觉还不错拉，然后就是问问题，都不难，大概就是一些你觉得你们团队今天合作的怎么样啊之类的问题，整个下来我感觉还不错，我觉得关键就是看你的团体协作能力和创新能力吧，后来我们这个组大概有三个人进入最后一面了，我对面那个上海大学和我右边那个南理工的，那个写小黑板的貌似没有进，有点可惜，嘿嘿，她在谈感想时还夸我英语口语好呢~
然后就接到最后一面的电话了，时间是1月15号，正好考完研，这次时间比较充裕，但是我也感觉很没头绪，这次是叫合伙人见面，就是差不多和你以后可能的上级面谈的那种，我一直到前一天晚上才认真去了解德勤和我要应聘的职位，很不懂的一个职位，研究了半天感觉还是一头雾水，看了下公司简介，搜了些前辈面试的经验，头都大了，也才发现德勤原来是全球四大会计事务所之一，（汗~~当时才知道）第二天穿上了我自认为比较成熟的formal dress去了，结果上次坐我右边那个南理工的mm没认出我来，（估计我三面时的穿着真的很幼稚吧，呵呵）这次一共去了19个人，分两个组，两个面试官分别一对一面谈，我是第一组最后一个，是一个叫Tony的外国人，在等的时候和其他人聊天，才发现我对这个岗位真是了解得少之又少，可以说是一无所知，他们说这次要招10个人，工资税前大概有3000多，工作超辛苦，等等。我前面那个是南理工那个MM,长得比较漂亮，那天穿得也比较亮丽，结果出来时她和我说那外国人死活不相信她会愿意呆在这个岗位上，因为税收是比较枯燥的工作，呵呵，然后我进去了，见面握手，然后坐在一张小圆桌边上，和他就开聊了，才发现他从早上9点开始就一直在面试，中午都没休息吃饭，就吃了块巧克力，（额，果然很辛苦啊~~），然后他就开始问我问题，问我为什么选择这个岗位，这个公司，为什么税务部，我吸取前面MM的教训，我说我姑姑就是税务局的，从小受了影响，蛮感兴趣的，（呵呵，蛮假的），不过很管用，他很满意地点头，前面一直都很好，后来他问我有什么问题，我就问了一大堆，他就一个一个回答，我问他非英语专业在他们公司发展前景如何，问他怎么看待中国老百姓对个人所得税过高不满的现象，问他他们公司以前的服务对象和其他三大比起来基本上算中小型的，而且倾向于做老客户的生意，那他们以后的发展规划会不会有变动，等等。结果他回答了很久，最后结束的时候，他半开玩笑地说"your questions are very tough",当时我还没觉得什么，不过也摸不透这话到底是褒是贬，面试后当时感觉很不错，觉得应该是十拿九稳的事情了，可是却没想到被刷下来了，当时等了一个多星期没等到offer,他本来说如果没上会有邮件通知的，结果一个星期后还是没收到，后来一问文慧，才知道没上的话也不会发通知，郁闷至极！但还是不甘心，后来听说我们上一届一个学长也在德勤，于是便和他联系，他帮我打听后告诉我说年前已经发了一部分offer了，还有一两个要到年后才能确定，要我耐心等待，我估计我是没戏了，于是直接就放弃希望不等待了。
现在回想起来，我估计我失败的原因一部分在于我问的那些问题，tough是个中性词，可以翻译成深刻，也可以翻译成刁钻，我属于后者，所以最大的教训就是面试时还是不能表现的太强势了，另一部分原因我觉得不是在我也不是在公司，应该说是一个匹配度的问题吧，因为是合伙人面试，所以他所选的不一定是最优秀的，而是最适合他们公司或者最对合伙人口味的，面试官都是人精，一眼就能看透的，所以不过没上去我也不后悔，因为我自己也不是那么确定要走做税这条路，嗯嗯，总的来说，这也算是一种经历吧。
弄完这一步，我就全心全意准备考研的最后一段时间了，完全把找工作的事抛到了脑后，大概到了1月初，具体哪天现在已经不记得了，5号？6号？7号？总之又收接了他3面的电话，时间是8号下午三点，可是上午要考西方文化，接到电话比较犹豫，本来就有考试，再加上考研就在眼前，心里有点担心自己会应付不过来，但心里又有那么一点想去的冲动，毕竟这样的机会不多，而且很想试试看自己的能力到底如何，自己的承受极限又怎样，于是咬咬牙决定去了，赶1点的动车，6点的回程动车。 那天真的是很赶，中西文化考试时拼命地写，终于在12点之前写完，然后交卷，然后公交，然后地铁，没有迟到，准时上了车，在车上吃的泡面，还把英国文学带过去了，在车上还背了下那什么苔丝的那个问答题，下车后直接打的过去，2点55的时候接到了德勤的电话说他们还有5分钟就要开始了，问我确定来不来？我说我正在的士上，马上就到了，他说那好吧，我们等你，于是我们几乎是三点准时进了他们的office，感觉地方还蛮大的，整个一层都是他们的，进去后马上就填他们的简历，填好后一起装到一个信封里，写上自己的名字，然后就进了一个小房间，这次面试叫小组面试，大家围坐在一个椭圆形桌子边上，8个面试对象对坐着，桌子上摆着八个人的名字好互相认识，桌子两边，分别坐着主持面试的人和面试官（一男一女，都很和蔼），然后面试就开始了，先让大家做自我介绍，说只要名字，来自哪个大学，专业是什么就可以了，于是从那个唯一的男生开始，那那男生来自湖南大学，结果他口语很不好，开口就来一句，hello, everyone,一顿乱扯，结果主持回忆的Lisa 不得不打断他说只要名字专业学校就行了，其他人都还好，介绍都是按要求来的，我感觉像这样的情况，最好还是不要自由发挥，他们要你说什么就说什么，不要多说，对了，忘了说了，他们在邮件里要求要formal dress,结果我顶个羽绒服就去了，还背了个双肩包，边上还插个水壶，而其他6个人全是西装套裙，高跟鞋，化妆，结果搞得我很郁闷，不过还好，Lisa 说没关系的，不会影响你们的面试结果的，不过看他们穿得那么成熟，感觉自己幼稚得很，像个小孩子。面试的内容是给你一个案例分析，先看10分钟，然后你们集体讨论出一个解决方案，然后做一个presentation，然后面试官提问，具体内容就不说了，我对面那个上海大学的表现得比较强势，一开始就一个leader的样子，我左边那个也比较不错，自告奋勇去小黑板上写，不过写得实在不咋地，最后presentation 也是大家一人负责一部分，上海大学那个负责start，我感觉她做的很糟糕，没有把问题交代清楚，却把后面人要说的全说了，我是负责conclusion，我感觉还不错拉，然后就是问问题，都不难，大概就是一些你觉得你们团队今天合作的怎么样啊之类的问题，整个下来我感觉还不错，我觉得关键就是看你的团体协作能力和创新能力吧，后来我们这个组大概有三个人进入最后一面了，我对面那个上海大学和我右边那个南理工的，那个写小黑板的貌似没有进，有点可惜，嘿嘿，她在谈感想时还夸我英语口语好呢~
然后就接到最后一面的电话了，时间是1月15号，正好考完研，这次时间比较充裕，但是我也感觉很没头绪，这次是叫合伙人见面，就是差不多和你以后可能的上级面谈的那种，我一直到前一天晚上才认真去了解德勤和我要应聘的职位，很不懂的一个职位，研究了半天感觉还是一头雾水，看了下公司简介，搜了些前辈面试的经验，头都大了，也才发现德勤原来是全球四大会计事务所之一，（汗~~当时才知道）第二天穿上了我自认为比较成熟的formal dress去了，结果上次坐我右边那个南理工的mm没认出我来，（估计我三面时的穿着真的很幼稚吧，呵呵）这次一共去了19个人，分两个组，两个面试官分别一对一面谈，我是第一组最后一个，是一个叫Tony的外国人，在等的时候和其他人聊天，才发现我对这个岗位真是了解得少之又少，可以说是一无所知，他们说这次要招10个人，工资税前大概有3000多，工作超辛苦，等等。我前面那个是南理工那个MM,长得比较漂亮，那天穿得也比较亮丽，结果出来时她和我说那外国人死活不相信她会愿意呆在这个岗位上，因为税收是比较枯燥的工作，呵呵，然后我进去了，见面握手，然后坐在一张小圆桌边上，和他就开聊了，才发现他从早上9点开始就一直在面试，中午都没休息吃饭，就吃了块巧克力，（额，果然很辛苦啊~~），然后他就开始问我问题，问我为什么选择这个岗位，这个公司，为什么税务部，我吸取前面MM的教训，我说我姑姑就是税务局的，从小受了影响，蛮感兴趣的，（呵呵，蛮假的），不过很管用，他很满意地点头，前面一直都很好，后来他问我有什么问题，我就问了一大堆，他就一个一个回答，我问他非英语专业在他们公司发展前景如何，问他怎么看待中国老百姓对个人所得税过高不满的现象，问他他们公司以前的服务对象和其他三大比起来基本上算中小型的，而且倾向于做老客户的生意，那他们以后的发展规划会不会有变动，等等。结果他回答了很久，最后结束的时候，他半开玩笑地说"your questions are very tough",当时我还没觉得什么，不过也摸不透这话到底是褒是贬，面试后当时感觉很不错，觉得应该是十拿九稳的事情了，可是却没想到被刷下来了，当时等了一个多星期没等到offer,他本来说如果没上会有邮件通知的，结果一个星期后还是没收到，后来一问文慧，才知道没上的话也不会发通知，郁闷至极！但还是不甘心，后来听说我们上一届一个学长也在德勤，于是便和他联系，他帮我打听后告诉我说年前已经发了一部分offer了，还有一两个要到年后才能确定，要我耐心等待，我估计我是没戏了，于是直接就放弃希望不等待了。
现在回想起来，我估计我失败的原因一部分在于我问的那些问题，tough是个中性词，可以翻译成深刻，也可以翻译成刁钻，我属于后者，所以最大的教训就是面试时还是不能表现的太强势了，另一部分原因我觉得不是在我也不是在公司，应该说是一个匹配度的问题吧，因为是合伙人面试，所以他所选的不一定是最优秀的，而是最适合他们公司或者最对合伙人口味的，面试官都是人精，一眼就能看透的，所以不过没上去我也不后悔，因为我自己也不是那么确定要走做税这条路，嗯嗯，总的来说，这也算是一种经历吧。
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